part I Mechanics | part III Thermodynamics | ||
1 | Physics and Measurement | 19 | Temperature |
1.1 | Standards of Length, Mass, and Time | 19.1 | Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics |
1.2 | The Building Blocks of Matter | 19.2 | Thermometers and Temperature Scales |
1.3 | Density | 19.3 | The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Kelvin Scale |
1.4 | Dimensional Analysis | 19.4 | Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids |
1.5 | Conversion of Units | 19.5 | Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas |
1.6 | Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations | ||
1.7 | Significant Figures | 20 | Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics |
20.1 | Heat and Internal Energy | ||
2 | Motion in One Dimension | 20.2 | Heat Capacity and Specific Heat |
2.1 | Displacement, Velocity, and Speed | 20.3 | Latent Heat |
2.2 | Instantaneous Velocity and Speed | 20.4 | Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes |
2.3 | Acceleration | 20.5 | The First Law of Thermodynamics |
2.4 | Motion Diagrams | 20.6 | Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics |
2.5 | One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration | 20.7 | Energy Transfer Mechanisms |
2.6 | Freely Falling Objects | ||
2.7 | (Optional) Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus | 21 | The Kinetic Theory of Gases |
GOAL Problem-Solving Steps | 21.1 | Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas | |
21.2 | Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas | ||
3 | Vectors | 21.3 | Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas |
3.1 | Coordinate Systems | 21.4 | The Equipartition of Energy |
3.2 | Vector and Scalar Quantities | 21.5 | (Optional) The Boltzmann Distribution Law |
3.3 | Some Properties of Vectors | 21.6 | (Optional) Distribution of Molecular Speeds |
3.4 | Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors | 21.7 | (Optional) Mean Free Path |
21.8 | (Optional) Van der Waalsís Equation of State | ||
4 | Motion in Two Dimensions | ||
4.1 | The Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors | 22 | Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
4.2 | Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration | 22.1 | Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
4.3 | Projectile Motion | 22.2 | Reversible and Irreversible Processes |
4.4 | Uniform Circular Motion | 22.3 | The Carnot Engine |
4.5 | Tangential and Radial Acceleration | 22.4 | The Absolute Temperature Scale |
4.6 | Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration | 22.5 | The Gasoline Engine |
22.6 | Heat Pumps and Refrigerators | ||
5 | The Laws of Motion | 22.7 | Entropy |
5.1 | The Concept of Force | 22.8 | Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes |
5.2 | Newtonís First Law and Inertial Frames | 22.9 | (Optional) Entropy on a Microscopic Scale |
5.3 | Mass | ||
5.4 | Newtonís Second Law | part IV Electricity and Magnetism | |
5.5 | The Force of Gravity and Weight | ||
5.6 | Newtonís Third Law | 23 | Electric Fields |
5.7 | Some Applications of Newtonís Laws | 23.1 | Properties of Electric Charges |
5.8 | Forces of Friction | 23.2 | Insulators and Conductors |
23.3 | Coulombís Law | ||
6 | Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newtonís Laws | 23.4 | The Electric Field |
6.1 | Newtonís Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion | 23.5 | Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution |
6.2 | Nonuniform Circular Motion | 23.6 | Electric Field Lines |
6.3 | (Optional) Motion in Accelerated Frames | 23.7 | Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field |
6.4 | (Optional) Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces | ||
6.5 | (Optional) Numerical Modeling in Particle Dynamics | 24 | Gaussís Law |
24.1 | Electric Flux | ||
7 | Work and Kinetic Energy | 24.2 | Gaussís Law |
7.1 | Work Done by a Constant Force | 24.3 | Application of Gaussís Law to Charged Insulators |
7.2 | The Scalar Product of Two Vectors | 24.4 | Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium |
7.3 | Work Done by a Varying Force | 24.5 | (Optional) Experimental Proof of Gaussís Law and Coulombís Law |
7.4 | Kinetic Energy and the Work?Kinetic Energy Theorem | 24.6 | (Optional) Derivation of Gaussís Law |
7.5 | Power | ||
7.6 | (Optional) Energy and the Automobile | 25 | Electric Potential |
7.7 | (Optional) Kinetic Energy at High Speeds | 25.1 | Potential Difference and Electric Potential |
25.2 | Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field | ||
8 | Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy | 25.3 | Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges |
8.1 | Potential Energy | 25.4 | Obtaining E From the Electric Potential |
8.2 | Conservative and Nonconservative Forces | 25.5 | Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions |
8.3 | Conservative Forces and Potential Energy | 25.6 | Potential of a Charged Conductor |
8.4 | Conservation of Mechanical Energy | 25.7 | (Optional) The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment |
8.5 | Work Done by Nonconservative Forces | 25.8 | (Optional) Applications of Electrostatics |
8.6 | Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy | ||
8.7 | (Optional) Energy Diagrams and the Equilibrium of a System | 26 | Capacitance and Dielectrics |
8.8 | Conservation of Energy in General | 26.1 | Definition of Capacitance |
8.9 | (Optional) Mass?Energy Equivalence | 26.2 | Calculation of Capacitance |
8.1 | (Optional) Quantization of Energy | 26.3 | Combinations of Capacitors |
26.4 | Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor | ||
9 | Linear Momentum and Collisions | 26.5 | Capacitors with Dielectrics |
9.1 | Linear Momentum and Its Conservation | 26.6 | (Optional) Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field |
9.2 | Impulse and Momentum | 26.7 | (Optional) An Atomic Description of Dielectrics |
9.3 | Collisions | ||
9.4 | Elastic and Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension | 27 | Current and Resistance |
9.5 | Two-Dimensional Collisions | 27.1 | Electric Current |
9.6 | The Center of Mass | 27.2 | Resistance and Ohmís Law |
9.7 | Motion of a System of Particles | 27.3 | Resistance and Temperature |
9.8 | (Optional) Rocket Propulsion | 27.4 | Superconductors |
27.5 | A Model for Electrical Conduction | ||
10 | Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis | 27.6 | Electrical Energy and Power |
10.1 | Angular Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration | ||
10.2 | Rotational Kinematics: Rotational Motion | 28 | Direct Current Circuits |
10.3 | Angular and Linear Quantities | 28.1 | Electromotive Force |
10.4 | Rotational Energy | 28.2 | Resistors in Series and in Parallel |
10.5 | Calculation of Moments of Inertia | 28.3 | Kirchhoffís Rules |
10.6 | Torque | 28.4 | RC Circuits |
10.7 | Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration | 28.5 | (Optional) Electrical Instruments |
10.8 | Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion | 28.6 | (Optional) Household Wiring and Electrical Safety |
11 | Rolling Motion and Angular Momentum | 29 | Magnetic Fields |
11.1 | Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object | 29.1 | The Magnetic Field |
11.2 | The Vector Product and Torque | 29.2 | Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor |
11.3 | Angular Momentum of a Particle | 29.3 | Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field |
11.4 | Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object | 29.4 | Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field |
11.5 | Conservation of Angular Momentum | 29.5 | (Optional) Applications of the Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field |
11.6 | (Optional) The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops | 29.6 | (Optional) The Hall Effect |
11.7 | (Optional) Angular Momentum As a Fundamental Quantity | 29.7 | (Optional) The Quantum Hall Effect |
12 | Static Equilibrium and Elasticity | 30 | Sources of the Magnetic Field |
12.1 | The Conditions for Equilibrium | 30.1 | The Biot?Savart Law |
12.2 | More on the Center of Gravity | 30.2 | The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors |
12.3 | Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium | 30.3 | Ampèreís Law |
12.4 | Elastic Properties of Solids | 30.4 | The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid |
30.5 | (Optional) The Magnetic Field Along the Axis of a Solenoid | ||
13 | Oscillatory Motion | 30.6 | Magnetic Flux |
13.1 | Simple Harmonic Motion | 30.7 | Gaussís Law in Magnetism |
13.2 | The Block?Spring System Revisited | 30.8 | Displacement Current and the Generalized Ampèreís Law |
13.3 | Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator | 30.9 | (Optional) Magnetism in Matter |
13.4 | The Pendulum | 30.1 | (Optional) Magnetic Field of the Earth |
13.5 | Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion | ||
13.6 | (Optional) Damped Oscillations | 31 | Faradayís Law |
13.7 | (Optional) Forced Oscillations | 31.1 | Faradayís Law of Induction |
31.2 | Motional emf | ||
14 | The Law of Gravity | 31.3 | Lenzís Law |
14.1 | Newtonís Law of Universal Gravitation | 31.4 | Induced emfs and Electric Fields |
14.2 | Measuring the Gravitational Constant | 31.5 | (Optional) Generators and Motors |
14.3 | Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force | 31.6 | (Optional) Eddy Currents |
14.4 | Keplerís Laws | 31.7 | Maxwellís Wonderful Equations |
14.5 | The Law of Gravity and the Motion of Planets | ||
14.6 | The Gravitational Field | 32 | Inductance |
14.7 | Gravitational Potential Energy | 32.1 | Self-Inductance |
14.8 | Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion | 32.2 | RL Circuits |
14.9 | (Optional) The Gravitational Force Between an Extended Object and a Particle | 33.3 | Energy in a Magnetic Field |
14.1 | (Optional) The Gravitational Force Between a Particle and a Spherical Mass | 32.4 | (Optional) Mutual Inductance |
32.5 | Oscillations in an LC Circuit | ||
15 | Fluid Mechanics | 32.6 | (Optional) The RLC Circuit |
15.1 | Pressure | ||
15.2 | Variation of Pressure with Depth | 33 | Alternating Current Circuits |
15.3 | Pressure Measurements | 33.1 | ac Sources and Phasors |
15.4 | Buoyant Forces and Archimedesís Principle | 33.2 | Resistors in an ac Circuit |
15.5 | Fluid Dynamics | 33.3 | Inductors in an ac Circuit |
15.6 | Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity | 33.4 | Capacitors in an ac Circuit |
15.7 | Bernoulliís Equation | 33.5 | The RLC Series Circuit |
15.8 | (Optional) Other Applications of Bernoulliís Equation | 33.6 | Power in an ac Circuit |
33.7 | Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit | ||
part II Mechanical Waves | 33.8 | (Optional) Filter Circuits | |
33.9 | (Optional) The Transformer and Power Transmission | ||
16 | Wave Motion | ||
16.1 | Basic Variables of Wave Motion | 34 | Electromagnetic Waves |
16.2 | Direction of Particle Displacement | 34.1 | Maxwellís Equations and Hertzís Discoveries |
16.3 | One-Dimensional Traveling Waves | 34.2 | Plane Electromagnetic Waves |
16.4 | Superposition and Interference | 34.3 | Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves |
16.5 | The Speed of Waves on Strings | 34.4 | Momentum and Radiation Pressure |
16.6 | Reflection and Transmission | 34.5 | (Optional) Radiation from an Infinite Current Sheet |
16.7 | Sinusoidal Waves | 34.6 | (Optional) The Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna |
16.8 | Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves | 34.7 | The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves |
16.9 | (Optional) The Linear Wave Equation | ||
part V Light and Optics | |||
17 | Sound Waves | ||
17.1 | Speed of Sound Waves | 35 | The Nature of Light and the Laws of Geometric Optics |
17.2 | Periodic Sound Waves | 35.1 | The Nature of Light |
17.3 | Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves | 35.2 | Measurements of the Speed of Light |
17.4 | Spherical and Plane Waves | 35.3 | The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics |
17.5 | (Optional) The Doppler Effect | 35.4 | Reflection and Refraction |
35.5 | (Optional) Dispersion and Prisms | ||
18 | Superposition and Standing Waves | 35.6 | Huygensís Principle |
18.1 | Superposition and Interference of Sinusoidal Waves | 35.7 | Total Internal Reflection |
18.2 | Standing Waves | 35.8 | (Optional) Fermatís Principle |
18.3 | Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends | ||
18.4 | Resonance | 36 | Geometric Optics |
18.5 | Standing Waves in Air Columns | 36.1 | Images Formed by Flat Mirrors |
18.6 | (Optional) Standing Waves in Rods and Plates | 36.2 | Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors |
18.7 | Beats: Interference in Time | 36.3 | Images Formed by Refraction |
18.8 | (Optional) Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns | 36.4 | Thin Lenses |
36.5 | (Optional) Lens Aberrations | ||
part III Thermodynamics | 36.6 | (Optional) The Camera | |
36.7 | (Optional) The Eye | ||
19 | Temperature | 36.8 | (Optional) The Simple Magnifier |
19.1 | Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | ||
19.2 | Thermometers and Temperature Scales | 37 | Interference of Light Waves |
19.3 | The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Kelvin Scale | 37.1 | Conditions for Interference |
19.4 | Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids | 37.2 | Youngís Double-Slit Experiment |
19.5 | Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas | 37.3 | Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern |
37.4 | Phasor Addition of Waves | ||
20 | Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics | 37.5 | Change of Phase Due to Reflection |
20.1 | Heat and Internal Energy | 37.6 | Interference in Thin Films |
20.2 | Heat Capacity and Specific Heat | 37.7 | (Optional) The Michelson Interferometer |
20.3 | Latent Heat | ||
20.4 | Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes | 38 | Diffraction and Polarization |
20.5 | The First Law of Thermodynamics | 38.1 | Introduction to Diffraction |
20.6 | Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics | 38.2 | Single-Slit Diffraction |
20.7 | Energy Transfer Mechanisms | 38.3 | Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures |
38.4 | The Diffraction Grating | ||
21 | The Kinetic Theory of Gases | 38.5 | (Optional) Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals |
21.1 | Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas | 38.6 | Polarization of Light Waves |
21.2 | Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas | ||
21.3 | Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas | ||
21.4 | The Equipartition of Energy | ||
21.5 | (Optional) The Boltzmann Distribution Law | ||
21.6 | (Optional) Distribution of Molecular Speeds | ||
21.7 | (Optional) Mean Free Path | ||
21.8 | (Optional) Van der Waalsís Equation of State | ||
22 | Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | ||
22.1 | Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | ||
22.2 | Reversible and Irreversible Processes | ||
22.3 | The Carnot Engine | ||
22.4 | The Absolute Temperature Scale | ||
22.5 | The Gasoline Engine | ||
22.6 | Heat Pumps and Refrigerators | ||
22.7 | Entropy | ||
22.8 | Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes | ||
22.9 | (Optional) Entropy on a Microscopic Scale |