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LECTURE 8
     goals and outline

lecture title

    The Universal Law of Gravitation: Newton

lecture goals

  • Learn about the first fundamental force to be analysed, the force of gravity.
  • Understand what is meant by a "universal" law of physics.
  • See how the formula for the force of gravity depends on mass and distance, and why those dependencies make sense.
  • Begin to grasp how weak gravity is, in other words how small Newton's constant G is.
  • See the plausibility of a 1/r² (one-over-r-squared) force law, using lines of force.

outline of lecture

    1. Newton's Life

    2. The Moon's Orbit

    3. The Force of Gravity

quotes

I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.

-- Isaac Newton

Rule I. Nature does nothing in vain, and more is in vain when less will serve.
Rule II. Therefore to the same effects we must, as far as possible, assign the same causes: as to respiration in man and in a beast; the descent of stones in Europe and in America.
Rule III. Those properties of bodies that are both unchanging and common to all bodies within reach of our experiments are to be considered the universal properties of all bodies whatsoever.
Rule IV. ...Those hypotheses or generalizations which have been formulated in the light of experience are to be regarded as accurately or very nearly true, notwithstanding any contrary hypotheses that may be imagined, and they are to be so regarded until such time as other phenomena are discovered with which they are not in accord, thus necessitating their modification.

-- Isaac Newton, ``Rules of Reasoning'', Principia


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Please email any questions, comments, or suggestions to Professor Bernice Durand, bdurand@theory3.physics.wisc.edu.

Revised September 11, 1997.


Content © 1997, Bernice Durand
Images and layout © 1997, Shane Hamilton